Atomic Power Stations In India

Nuclear power is the 5th largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydro electric and renewable source of electricity. India ranked 7th in number of operated reactors(22) and 14th in total in installed capacity.

1) Tarapur Atomic Power Station
It is the first atomic power station in India.
Located at Tarapur in Palgar district, Maharashtra.
Commissioned at 1969.
Built with the help of USA.
Reactor type - two Boiling Water Reactor(BRW) and two Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor(PHWR).

2) Narora Atomic Power Station
Located at Narora in Bulandshahar district, Uttar Pradesh.
Commissioned at 1991
Reactor type - Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor(PHWR).

3) Madras Atomic Power Station
Located at Kalpakkam in Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu.
India's first fully indegenously constructed nuclear power station.
Commissioned at 1984
Reactor type - Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor(PHWR).

4) Koodankulam Nuclear Power Station
Located at Koodankulam in Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu.
Commissioned at 2013
It is the single largest nuclear power station in India.
Built with the help of Russia.
Reactor type - VVER or WWER(Water-Water Energetic Reactor.

5) Kakrapar Atomic Power Station
Located at Vyara in Gujarat
Commissioned in 1993
Reactor type - PHWR

6) Rawatbhata Atomic Power Station
Located at Rawatbhata in Rajasthan
Commissioned in 1973
Built with the help of Canada
Reactor type - PHWR

7) Kaiga Atomic Power Station
Located at Kaiga in Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka
Commissioned in 2000
Built near River Kali
Reactor type - PHWR

8) Gorakhpur Atomic Power Station
It is a proposed nuclear power plant
Also known as Gorakhpur Haryana Anu Vidyut Pariyojana(GHAVP)
Located at Gorakhpur in Fatehabad district, Haryana
Constructing indigenously
Commission planned in 2020-21
Reactor type - PHWR

Soil Types In Kerala

On the basis of the morphological features and physio-chemical properties, the soil of the Kerala have been classified into red loam, laterite soil, costal alluvium, riverine alluvium, Onattukara alluvium, brown hydromorphic, saline hydromorphic, Kuttanad alluvium, black soil and forest loam.

Red Loam
Red loams of kerala are found mostly in the southern parts Thiruvananthapuram district. These soils occur in chain sequence along with laterite. The soil has red colour due to the presence of iron oxides. They are low in organic matter content.

Laterite
The major soil type found in Kerala is Laterite soil. Heavy rainfall and high temperature is suitable for the process of laterisation. They have poor water holding capacity with low organic matter content. The major crops that grown in the laterite soil of Kerala are Rubber, Cashewnut, Pepper and Coffee

Coastal Alluvium
These soils are seen in the coastal tracts along the west. They have been developed from recent marine deposits. These soils are acidic and of low fertility level.

Riverine Alluvium
These soil occurs mostly along the banks of rivers and their tributaries. They are very deep soils. They are moderately supplied with organic matter, nitrogen and potassium. Also they are acidic and poor in phosphorus and lime.

Brown Hydromorphic*
Hydromorphic soil are mostly confined to valley bottoms of undulating topography in the midland and to low lying areas of costal strip. They have been formed as a result of transportation and sedimentation of material from adjacent hill slopes and also through deposition by rivers. They are moderately supplied with organic matters.

Saline Hydromorphic*
The orgin, genesis and development of these soil have been under peculiar physiographic conditions. These souls are mainly found in the costal tracts of the districts of Ernakulam, Alappuzha, Thrissur and Kannur. They are not comparable with the salines soils occurring in the other parts of the country. The Pokkali(Ernakulam district) and Kaipad( Kannur district) soil come under this category.

Black Soil
They are dark, low in organic matter and high in clay content. In Kerala black soil is found in Chittur taluk of Palakkad district. Cotton and Groundnut are the major crops that grow in black soil of kerala.

Forest Loam
They are rich in nitrogen; but poor in the bases because of heavy leaching. They are restricted inoccurrance to the eastern part of the State.

Kuttanad Alluvium
A good portion of Kuttanad lies 1 to 2 meter below sea level and is submerged for major parts of the year. The soils of Kuttanad area are faced with the serious problem of hydrology floods, acidity and salinity. The construction of the Thanneermukkam bund, salinity hazards have been considerably reduced.
The soil of Kuttanad can be grouped into three categories, the Kayal soil, the Karappadam soil and the Kari soil which are dealt with in the zone of Problem Areas. Acid sulphate soils occur in Kerala in Kuttanad region.

Onattukara Alluvium
These soil confined to the Onattukara region comprising the Karunagapally, Karthikapally and Mavelikara of Kollam and Alappuzha district. They occur as marine deposits. These soil have very rapid permeability.


*Hydromorphic Soil - Soil formed by sedimentaion different things from other regions.

Vitamins and Its Chemical Name

The name Vitamin was given by 'Cassimer Funk'.

▶ Vitamin A - Retinol
    Deficiency disease - Night blindness
    Act as regulators of cell & tissue growth

▶ Vitamin B1 - Thiamine
    Deficiency disease - Beri-beri

▶ Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin
    Deficiency disease - Ariboflavinosis

▶ Vitamin B3 - Niacin
    Deficiency disease - Pellagra

▶ Vitamin B5 - Pantothenic acid
    Deficiency disease - Paresthesia

▶ Vitamin B6 - Pyridoxine
    Deficiency disease - Anaemia

▶ Vitamin B7 - Biotin
    Deficiency disease - Dermatitis
    Also known as Vitamin H

▶ Vitamin B9 - Folic acid
    Deficiency disease - Anaemia
    Helps in production of blood.

▶ Vitamin B12 - Cyanocobalamin
    Deficiency disease - Megaloblastic anaemia
    Contains Cobalt

▶ Vitamin C - Ascorbic acid
    Deficiency disease - Scurvy

▶ Vitamin D - Calciferol
    Deficiency disease - Rickets, Osteomalacia
    Vitamin produced with the help of sun light.
    Also act as hormone.

▶ Vitamin E - Tocopherol
    Deficiency disease - Sexual disfunction
    Helps in reproductive activities.
    Consider as a Hormone.
    Also act as anti-oxidant.

▶ Vitamin K - Phylloquinone
    Deficiency disease - Bleeding diathesis
    Helps in blood coagulation.

→ Vitamins soluble in water - Vitamin B & C.
→ Vitamins soluble in fat - Vitamin A, D, E, K.

Diseases and Medical Tests

• Cancer - ELISA test
• Tuberculosis - Mantoux test, Tine test
• Jaundice - Bilirubin test
• Typhoid - Widal test
• Dengue - Tourniquet test
• Syphilis - Wassermann test
• Plague - Watson stain test
• Scarlet Fever - Dik test
• Rheumatoid Fever - Rose wollar test
• Carcinogenecity - Ames test
• Diphtheria - Shink test
• Sarcoidosis - Kveim test
• Leprosy - Lepromine skin test
• Anemia - Coombs test
• Liver disease - Fibro test
• Allergic to Metals & Chemicals - MELISA test

Major Lakes in India

• Dal lake - Srinagar
• Chilka lake - Odisha
• Hussain Sagar - Hyderabad
• Osman Sagar - Hyderabad
• Wular lake - Kashmir
• Nalsarovar lake - Gujarat
• Tsongmo lake - Sikkim
• Sambar lake - Rajasthan
• Pushkar lake - Rajasthan
• Chandra Tal - Himachal Pradesh
• Renuka lake - Himachal Pradesh
• Ashtamudi lake - Kerala
• Sasthamkotta lake - Kerala
• Kaliveli lake - Tamil Nadu
• Bhimtal - Uttarakhand
• Dhebar lake - Rajasthan
• Kolleru lake - Andhra Pradesh
• Pulicat lake - Andhra Pradesh

Rivers and Nick Names

• Red River - Brahmaputhra
• Sorrow of Bengal - Damodar
• Sorrow of Assam - Brahmaputra
• Sorrow of Bihar - Kosi
• Sorrow of Odisha - Mahanadi
• Lifeline of Sikkim - Tista
• Lifeline of Goa - Mandovi
• Lifeline of Madhya Pradesh - Narmada
• Lifeline of Andhra Pradesh - Godavari
• Vridha Ganga - Godavari
• Ardha Ganga - Krishna
• Dakshina Ganga - Kaveri

Wildlife Sancturies in Kerala

1) Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Idukki

     It is the first wildlife sanctuary of Kerala. It is also known as Thekkadi wildlife sanctuary. The former name is Nellikkampetti Game Sanctuary. It is the largest wildlife sanctuary in Kerala(777 sq.km), situated in Peerumed taluk in Idukki district. The sanctuary was established during the time of 'Sri Chithira Thirunal Balaramavarma(the Travancore ruler)'. The famous Sabarimala Temple is also inside Periyar wildlife sanctuary.

2) Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Wayanad

3) Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, Palakkad

4) Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Thiruvananthapuram

5) Shenduruney Wildlife Sanctuary, Kollam

6) Chinnar Wildlife Sancyuary, Idukki

7) Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary, Idukki

8) Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, Thrissur

9) Chimminy Wildlife Sanctuary, Thrissur

10) Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kannur

11) Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Thiruvananthapuram

12) Kurinjimala Sanctuary

13) Thattekad Bird Sanctuary

14) Choolanoor Bird Sanctuary

15) Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary

16) Kottiyur Wildlife Sanctuary

17) Thirunelli Wildlife Sanctuary

18) Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary, Ernakulam

     Smallest wildlife sanctuary in Kerala.

Major Dams In Kerala

Thiruvananthapuram

Neyyar dam in Neyyar river
Aruvikkara dam in Karamana river
Peppara dam in Karamana river

Kollam

Thenmala dam in Kallada river

Pathanamthitta

Maniyar dam in Pamba river
Mooziyoor dam in Pamba river
Kakki dam in Kakki river
Kallar dam in Kallar river

Idukki

Idukki arch dam in Periyar river
Mullaperiyar dam in Periyar river
Lower periyar dam in Periyar river
Mattupetti dam im Periyar river
Cheruthoni dam in Periyar river
Neriyamangalam dam in Cheruthoni river
Malankara dam in Thodupuzha River
Kundala dam in Periyar river
Ponnmudi dam in Panniyar river
Kallarkutty dam in Mudirapuzha
Idamalayar dam in Idamalayar river
Kulamavu dam in Kilivillithode
Erattayar dam in Erattayar river

Ernakulam

Boothathankettu in Periyar river

Thrissur

Peringalkuth dam in Chalakkudi river
Peechi dam in Manali river
Thumboormuzhy dam in Chalakkudi river
Sholayar dam in Chalakkudi river
Chimmini dam in Chimmini river
Vazhani dam in Vadakkancherry

Palakkad

Malampuzha dam in Bharathapuzha
Walayar dam in Bharathapuzha
Pothundy dam in Ayalar river
Chulliyar dam in Chulliyar river
Siruvani dam in Shiruvani river
Meenkara dam in Meenkara river
Mangalam dam in Cherukkunnapuzha
Parambikulam dam in Parambikulam river
Thanakkadavu dam in Thanakkadavu river

Kozhikode

Kuttiyadi dam in Kuttiyadi river

Wayanad

Banasurasagar dam in Kabani river
Karapuzha dam in Karapuzha river

Kannur

Pazhassi dam in Valapattanam river